REVIEW : Synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocomposite of WO3

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a semiconductor that can be used in a wide variety of applications such as semiconductor gas devices, electronic devices, and photocatalysts. WO3 can be proposed as a substitute for TiO2 because it has a narrow bandgap property, which makes this material active in the UV-Vis spectrum. The purpose of writing this paper is to conduct a literature review on the synthesis of WO3 nanoparticles and nanocomposites using a review method on 50 literature from 2000 to 2020 by reviewing several methods such as hydrothermal methods, sol-gel, low-temperature hydrolysis and, water-in-oil microemulsion in sucrose esters, calcination, flame-assisted spray pyrolysis, ultrasonic, and microwave irradiation. Besides, it is also reviewed based on several starting materials such as sodium tungsten dihydrate, AMT (ammonium metatungsten), ammonium tungstate hydrate, H2WO4, phosphotungsten acid, Cl6W, and W powder

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Transportasi darat dan pariwisata yogyakarta: Studi atas Dampak Pelayanan Jasa Transportasi Darat terhadap Pengembangan Pariwisata di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

INTISARI Telah dilakukan studi atas Dampak Pelayanan Jasa Transportasi Darat terhadap Pengembangan Pariwisata di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan analisis kritis terhadap setiap aspek yang berhubungan secara langsung dengan masalah kepariwisataan dan transportasi di Yogyakarta, antara lain: wacana transportasi dan kepariwisataan global, nasional, dan daerahkinerja pelayanan jasa transportasi dan kepariwisataan nasional dan daerahserta lingkungan alam dan sosial dart pelayanan jasa transportasi dan kepariwisataan nasional dan daerah. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi yang positif antara pelayanan transportasi terhadap perkembangan pariwisata di DIY. Hal ini dikarenakan transportasi Yogyakarta belum secara efektif memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan pariwisata khusus di kawasan obyek wisata karena tidak didukung oleh kualitas pelayanannya. Oleh karena itu, masih banyak hal yang harus dilakukan, antara lain: pemetaan kebutuhan transportasi yang relevan bagi kebutuhan pariwisata dan ekonomi masyarakatsosialisasi pentingnya transportasi sebagai pendukung pariwisata Yogyakarta pada para pelaku usaha transportasioptimalisasi kebijakan mengenai standar uji kelayakan bagi alat transportasi di Yogyakartaperbaikan pola transportasi Yogyakarta yang efektif dan efisienperencanaan pelayanan transportasi dengan mempertimbangkan stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakatserta pengkajian dan evaluasi yang berkesinambungan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan transportasi darat dan pariwisata